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??????? ??????? (????. European Union, ?????. Union européenne), ?????????? ??????????? — ??????? ???????????? ??????????-?????????? ???????????, 1993 ?????? ???????? ????????????? (????. European Community, ?????. Communauté européenne) ?????. ???????????? ?????? ??????? 27 ??????????, ??????? ?????? ??????? 4 324 782 ??2-??, ?????????? — 508 191 116 ????. ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????, ???????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????. ???????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????????, ????????, ??????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????, ???? ???????;^[1] ??????????????? ??????????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????; ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????,^[2] ?????? ???????????,^[3] ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????????.^[4] ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????.^[5] 1999 ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? (????????) ????????, ??? ?????? 2002 ???? ??????; ??????? ???????? 19 ??????????? ??????????, ????????? ???? ?????????.

??????????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????????? ?? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????.^[6]^[7] ????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????, ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????: ???????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ?????, ??????????????, ???????????, ??????? ??????????????? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????????.

??????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ??????????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????, ???????? 1951 ?? 1958 ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????. ????????????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????, ?????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???????. 1993 ????, ??????????? ????????????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ???????, ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????. 2009 ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????? ????, ???????? ????????? — ????????? ????????????. 2016 ???? 23 ??????, ?????????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????.^[8]

???????????, ???????? ??????? ??????????? 7,3 % ????????,^[9] 2014 ???? ?????????? 18,495 ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? (???), ??? ????????? ???-? 24 %-?? ?? ????????????? ?????? ????????? 17 %. ????? ?????, ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????????, ???????????? 28 ????????? 26-?? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????. 2012 ????, ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????.^[10] ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???????, ??????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????????. ??????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ?????????????, ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???????. ???? ????????? ???????? ????, ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ?? ????????? ?????????????.^[11]

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??????? ???????????, ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ???: ???????? ????? ???????, ????????? ??????????, ?????? ????? ???????. ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ???, ?????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????.

??-20 ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????, ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? - ????? ?????????? ?????????, ????????????? ????????, ????????? ?????????, ??????? ?????????????. ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????????????. ??? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????, ???????? ?? ????????? ???.

???????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ??????????????????, ??????????????? ??????? ????????????? ?? ?????????. ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ????????????? ?????, ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????, ?? ???????????? ????????, ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????.

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??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????:

???????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? - 1951 ???? ?? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????;
???????? ????????????? - ??????? 1957 ???? ?.?. ????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ??????“;
??????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? - ??????? 1957 ????.

??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????:

????? ?????????? - ???? ??????? 1957 ????;
??????? ???????? ???? - ???? ??????? 1987 ????;
??????????? ?????????? - ???? ??????? 1992 ????;
??????????? ?????????? - ???? ??????? 1997 ???? ??????????;

???????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???? 2003 ???? ?????????? ??????????“ (Treaty of Accession), ??????? ?????? ?????? 2004 ???? 1 ?????. ?????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????????, ??????????, ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????, ???????????? ???????????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????????.

??. ??????? ???????????

?????????????

??????????? ???? ???????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????, ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? 28 ??????????? ???????????, ????????????, ?????????? ?????????, ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????. ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ???????????? ??????????? , ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????????. ???????????? ?????????????, ??????, ?????? ??????????? ??????, ?????? ???????, ??????? ??????, ?????? ???????-????????? ???????? ?? ????.

???????????

?????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ?????????. ????????? ????????????? ???????????, ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????.

??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????????:

? ??????? ???????? ?????

???????????? ????????? ?????????????:

???????????? ???? ???????? ?????????:

???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????????????: ???????? (??????), ?????????? (??????????), ??????????? (???????????), ?????? ?????????? (????????). ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????, ????? ??-????? ????????????“ ???????? ???????.

??????????

???????

??????? ??????: ???????????? ????? ????????.

???????????? ???????????? ?????????????:
1957: ??????, ????????, ??????, ???????????, ??????????, ??????????

???????????? ????? ???? ?????????????:

1973: ?????, ????????
1981: ??????????
1986: ????????, ??????????
1995: ???????, ??????, ???????
2004: ????????, ????????, ??????, ???????, ?????, ????????, ?????????, ????????, ???????, ??????
2007: ?????????, ????????
2013: ????????

???????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ????????:

???????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????:

???????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????/????????? ?????????????:

??????

???????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????, ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????:

???????

???????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????, ??????? ???????????, ????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????, ??????? ????????? ?? ????????????????? ??????? ?????????, ???????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???????.

?????? ???????

???????????? ??????????

????????? ??????????

EUROPA ?????????? ???????
Institutions ???????????? 2025-08-04 ?????? Wayback Machine.
European Commission
Council ???????????? 2025-08-04 ?????? Wayback Machine.
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European Central Bank
Court of Justice of the European Union
Court of Auditors ???????????? 2025-08-04 ?????? Wayback Machine.
Agencies ???????????? 2025-08-04 ?????? Wayback Machine.
EUR-Lex – EU Laws
Eurostat – European Union Statistics Explained
Datasets related to the EU on CKAN ???????????? 2025-08-04 ?????? Wayback Machine.
CIA World Factbook: European Union entry at The World Factbook ???????????? 2025-08-04 ?????? Wayback Machine.
British Pathé ???????????? 2025-08-04 ?????? Wayback Machine. Online newsreel archive of the 20th century

??????

↑ European Commission. The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities. Europa web portal. ????????? ??????: 27 September 2007.
Activities of the European Union: Internal Market. Europa web portal. ????????? ??????: 29 June 2007.
↑ Common commercial policy. Europa Glossary. Europa web portal. ????????????? ???????????? — 16 ??????? 2009. ????????? ??????: 6 September 2008.
↑ Agriculture and Fisheries Council. The Council of the European Union. ????????????? ???????????? — 11 ????? 2014. ????????? ??????: 3 June 2013.
↑ Regional Policy Inforegio. Europa web portal. ????????? ??????: 3 June 2013.
↑ Schengen area. Europa web portal. ????????? ??????: 8 September 2010.
↑ European Union. Encyclop?dia Britannica. ??????: ?international organisation comprising 28 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies ...“ ????????? ??????: 3 July 2013.
↑ European Union. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. ????????????? ???????????? — 15 ?????? 2020. ????????? ??????: 12 February 2016.
↑ EU　Referendum Result. BBC. ????????? ??????: 26 June 2016.
↑ European Union reaches 500 Million through Combination of Accessions, Migration and Natural Growth. Vienna Institute of Demography. ????????? ??????: 12 February 2016.
↑ ?EU collects Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo“. British Broadcasting Corporation. 10 December 2012. ????????? ??????: 3 June 2013.
↑ John McCormick (14 November 2006). The European Superpower. ISBN 978-1-4039-9846-0.

[Europa_Internal_Market-1] European Commission. The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities. Europa web portal. ????????? ??????: 27 September 2007.
Activities of the European Union: Internal Market. Europa web portal. ????????? ??????: 29 June 2007.

[2] Common commercial policy. Europa Glossary. Europa web portal. ????????????? ???????????? — 16 ??????? 2009. ????????? ??????: 6 September 2008.

[3] Agriculture and Fisheries Council. The Council of the European Union. ????????????? ???????????? — 11 ????? 2014. ????????? ??????: 3 June 2013.

[4] Regional Policy Inforegio. Europa web portal. ????????? ??????: 3 June 2013.

[Internal_borders-5] Schengen area. Europa web portal. ????????? ??????: 8 September 2010.

[Britannica-6] European Union. Encyclop?dia Britannica. ??????: ?international organisation comprising 28 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies ...“ ????????? ??????: 3 July 2013.

[CIA-7] European Union. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. ????????????? ???????????? — 15 ?????? 2020. ????????? ??????: 12 February 2016.

[BBCUKREFRESLT-8] EU　Referendum Result. BBC. ????????? ??????: 26 June 2016.

[9] European Union reaches 500 Million through Combination of Accessions, Migration and Natural Growth. Vienna Institute of Demography. ????????? ??????: 12 February 2016.

[10] ?EU collects Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo“. British Broadcasting Corporation. 10 December 2012. ????????? ??????: 3 June 2013.

[The_European_Superpower-11] John McCormick (14 November 2006). The European Superpower. ISBN 978-1-4039-9846-0.

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